Established in 1856, the railway has been fundamental to Petawawa's growth, connecting the community to Canada's expansive transcontinental network. The primary line traversing Petawawa was the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR), which maintained a station in the town from the early 20th century, serving as a pivotal hub for passenger and freight services.
In 1996, operations of the line were assumed by the Ottawa Valley Railway (OVR), a short-line railway formed to manage both local and through-service trains between Sudbury and Smiths Falls. However, by December 2009, RailAmerica, the parent company of OVR, terminated its lease east of Petawawa due to declining traffic. Subsequently, Canadian Pacific Railway initiated the discontinuation process for the section between Pembroke and Mattawa, which included Petawawa. Despite community efforts to preserve the line, the tracks were dismantled around 2012, marking the end of over 150 years of railway service in Petawawa.
The railway's presence significantly influenced Petawawa's development, facilitating transportation, trade, and military logistics, especially given the proximity of Canadian Forces Base Petawawa. Its legacy remains an integral part of the town's rich history.